Lingua maya classica

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{{Tradurre}} The '''Classic Maya language''' is the oldest historically-attested member of the [[Mayan languages|Mayan language family]]. It is the main language documented in the [[pre-Columbian]] inscriptions of the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Classic Era]] [[Maya civilization]]. == Relationships == Classic Maya is a direct descendent of [[Proto-Mayan]] and the common ancestor of three branches of Mayan languages - Cholan, Yucatecan and the more distantly related Huastecan. These branches have contemporary living descendant languages, which include the [[Ch'ol language]] and [[Yucatec Maya language|Yukatek (Yucatec) Maya]]. Modern Ch'ol and Yucatec speakers can understand many words in Classic Maya. == Writing system == {{main|Maya script}} Classic Maya is the principal language documented in the [[writing system]] used by the pre-Columbian Maya, and is particularly represented in inscriptions from the lowland regions and the period c. 200&mdash;900 [[Common Era|CE]]. The writing system (generally known as [[Maya hieroglyphics]]) has some similarities in function (but is not related to) other [[list of writing systems|logosyllabic writing systems]] such as [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]], in which a combination of [[logogram|logographic]] and [[syllabary|syllabic]] signs ([[grapheme]]s) are used. The script's corpus of [[grapheme]]s features a core of [[syllabary|syllabic]] signs which reflect the [[phonology]] of the Classic Maya language spoken in the region and at that time, which were also combined or complemented by a larger number of [[logograph]]s. Thus the expressions of Classic Maya could be written in a variety of ways, represented either as logograms, logograms with [[phonetic complement]]s, logograms plus syllables, or in a purely syllabic combination. For example, in one common pattern many verb and noun roots are given by logographs, while their grammatical [[affix]]es were written syllabically, much like modern [[Japanese writing|Japanese]]. == Grammar == Like the other Mayan languages, Classic Maya is [[Verb Subject Object]] and [[ergative language|ergative]] in its basic typology. Being [[Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic]], it uses both prefixes and suffixes to show grammatical function. Nouns are not inflected for [[Grammatical case|case]] or [[Grammatical gender|gender]]. There is also an entire class of intransitives that convey the object's spatial position. In addition, the language employs [[Classifier (linguistics)|counter]] words when quantifying nouns and uses a [[vigesimal]] number system. Verbs are not conjugated according to tense, but rather are semantically altered by a series of [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] particles. == References == {{refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list --> : {{cite book| author={{aut|Aulie, H. Wilbur}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Evelyn Aulie}} (Eds.) |origyear=1978 |year=1999 |title=Diccionario Ch'ol de Tumbalá, Chiapas, con variaciones dialectales de Tila y Sabanilla |url=http://www.sil.org/mexico/maya/chol-tumbala/S121a-Diccionario-CTU.htm |format=[[PDF]] |others=Emily F. Scharfe de Stairs (1996 re-editing) |series=Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", No. 121|edition=2nd edition, electronic reproduction with March 2005 corrections |location=London and México D.F |publisher=[[Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (Mexico)|Instituto Lingüístico de Verano]]|isbn=968-31-0291-3}} {{es icon}} : {{cite web |author={{aut|Boot, Erik}} |year=2002 |title=A Preliminary Classic Maya-English/English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings |format=[[PDF]]|work=Mesoweb Articles |publisher=Mesoweb |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary.pdf |accessdate=2007-07-06}} : {{cite book |author={{aut|Coe, Michael D.}} |authorlink=Michael D. Coe |year=1992 |title=Breaking the Maya Code |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05061-9}} : {{cite journal |author={{aut|Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascención}} |year=2004 |title=Lenguas y escrituras mesoamericanas |url=http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nLENGUA70.html |journal=[[Arqueología Mexicana]] |volume=XII |issue=70 |pages=20–25 |issn=0188-8218 |accessdate=2007-07-06}} {{es icon}} : {{cite book | author={{aut|Houston, Stephen D.}} |authorlink=Stephen D. Houston |year=1989 |title=Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs |publisher=British Museum Publications |location=London |isbn=0-7141-8069-6}} : {{cite book |author={{aut|Kettunen, Harri}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Christophe Helmke}} |year=2005 |title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs |format=[[PDF]] |publisher=Wayeb and Leiden University |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html |accessdate=2007-07-06}} : {{cite web |author={{aut|Montgomery, John}} |coauthors=with revisions by {{aut|Peter Mathews}} and {{aut|Christophe Helmke}} |year=2002–2007 |title=Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs |url=http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/montgomery/index.html |format=online version |work=Maya Hieroglyphic writing: Dictionaries |publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc (FAMSI) |accessdate=2007-07-06}} : {{cite conference|author={{aut|Stuart, David}} |authorlink=David Stuart (Mayanist)|year=1987 |month=December |title=Ten Phonetic Syllables |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/bearc/cmr/14.html |format=[[PDF]]|edition=online publication: October 2005 |booktitle=Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, 14 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center for Maya Research |accessdate=2007-07-06}} : {{cite book | author={{aut|Thompson, J. Eric S.}} |authorlink=J. Eric S. Thompson |year=1971 | title=Maya Hieroglyphic Writing; An Introduction |series=Civilization of the American Indian Series (No. 56) |edition=3rd |location=Norman | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | isbn=0-806-10447-3}} [[categoria:Scienze]]

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