Lingua proto-maya

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(Creata pagina con ''''Proto-Mayan''' is the hypothetical common ancestor of the 30 living Mayan languages, as well as the Classic Maya languages documented in the [[Maya script|Maya Hierogl…')
(→Phonology)
Riga 7: Riga 7:
Each of these occurring as short and long: '''''aa''''', '''''ee''''', '''''ii''''', '''''oo''''' and '''''uu''''',
Each of these occurring as short and long: '''''aa''''', '''''ee''''', '''''ii''''', '''''oo''''' and '''''uu''''',
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{| class="wikitable"
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|-
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!  rowspan=1 | 
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! colspan=2 | Bilabial
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!  colspan=2 | Alveolar
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! colspan=2 | Palatal
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!  colspan=2 | Velar
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! colspan=2|Uvular
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! rowspan=1 | Glottal
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|-
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| align="center"|  
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| align="center"| plain
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| align="center"| ejective
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| align="center"| plain
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| align="center"| ejective
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| align="center"| plain
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| align="center"| ejective
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| align="center"| plain
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| align="center"| ejective
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| align="center"| plain
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| align="center"| ejective
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| align="center"| plain
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|-
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| '''Stops'''
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| '''p'''  {{IPA|[p]}}
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| '''b''''  {{IPA|[ɓ]}}
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| '''t'''   {{IPA|[t]}}
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| '''t''''  {{IPA|[tʼ]}}
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| '''ty'''  {{IPA|[tʲ]}}
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| '''ty''''  {{IPA|[tʲʼ]}}
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| '''k'''  {{IPA|[k]}}
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| '''k''''  {{IPA|[kʼ]}}
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| '''q'''  {{IPA|[q]}}
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| '''q''''  {{IPA|[qʼ]}}
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| ''' ' '''  {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
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|-
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| '''Affricate'''
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| rowspan=1| 
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|
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| '''ts'''  {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}
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|'''ts' '''  {{IPA|[tsʼ]}}
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|'''ch'''  {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}}
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| '''ch' '''  {{IPA|[tʃʼ]}}
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| rowspan=1| 
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| rowspan=1| 
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|  
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|  
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|  
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|-
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| '''Fricative'''
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| '''s'''  {{IPA|[s]}}
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| colspan=2| '''x'''  {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
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| colspan=2| 
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|colspan=2|'''j'''  {{IPA|[X]}}
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| colspan=2| '''h'''  {{IPA|[h]}}
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|-
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| '''Nasal'''
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| colspan=2|   '''m'''  {{IPA|[m]}}
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| colspan=2|   '''n'''  {{IPA|[n]}}
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2|  '''nh'''  {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| 
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|-
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| '''Liquids'''
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| '''l'''  {{IPA|[l]}}  '''r'''  {{IPA|[r]}}
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| 
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|-
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| '''Glide'''
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2|   '''y'''  {{IPA|[j]}}
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| colspan=2|   '''w'''  {{IPA|[w]}}
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| colspan=2| 
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| colspan=2| 
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|}
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===Sound rules===
===Sound rules===

Versione delle 13:26, 15 lug 2010

Proto-Mayan is the hypothetical common ancestor of the 30 living Mayan languages, as well as the Classic Maya languages documented in the Maya Hieroglyphical inscriptions.

Indice

Phonology

The Proto-Mayan language is reconstructed (Campbell and Kaufman 1985) as having the following sounds:

Five vowels: a, e, i, o and u. Each of these occurring as short and long: aa, ee, ii, oo and uu,


Sound rules

The following set of sound changes from proto-Mayan to the modern languages are used as the basis of the classification of the Mayan languages. Each sound change may be shared by a number of languages; a grey background indicates no change.

Overview of soundrules from Proto-Mayan to modern Mayan language groups
Huastecan Yucatecan Cholan-Tzeltalan Q'anjob'alan-Chujean K'ichean-Mamean
Ch'olan Tzeltalan Q'anjob'alan Chujean K'ichean Mamean
Core K'iche' Kaqchikel-
Tz'utujil 		Mam Ixil
*w > b
*h > w/_o,u
*q > k, *q' > k'
*ŋ > h *ŋ > n *ŋ > x
*e: > i, *o: > u
*a: > Template:IPA
*-t > -tʃ *t > tʃ
*-h > -j
CVʔVC > CVʔC
*r > t
*r > j
*tʃ > tʂ
*-ɓ > -ʔ/VCV_#

Developments

The palatalized plosives Template:IPA and Template:IPA are not carried down into any of the modern families. Instead they are reflected differently in different branches allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives. In the eastern branch (Chujean-Q'anjob'alan and Cholan) they are reflected as Template:IPA and Template:IPA. In Mamean they are reflected as Template:IPA and Template:IPA and in Yukatek and K'ichean as Template:IPA and Template:IPA.[1]

reflexes of Proto-Mayan Template:IPA and Template:IPA [2]
Proto-Mayan Q'anjob'al Mam K'iche' English
*Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA tree
*Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA ashes

The Proto-Mayan liquid Template:IPA is reflected as Template:IPA in the eastern languages (Chujean- Q'anjob'alan and Cholan), Huastecan and Yukatek but as Template:IPA in Mamean and Template:IPA in K'ichean and Poqom.[1]

reflexes of Proto-Mayan Template:IPA [2]
Proto-Mayan Yukatek Ixil K'iche' English
*Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA green
*Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA fish

Proto-Mayan velar nasal *Template:IPA is reflected as Template:IPA in the western branches (K'ichean Mamean), as Template:IPA in Q'anjob'alan, Cholan and Yukatekan, and only conserved as Template:IPA in Chuj and Poptí.[3] In Huastecan *Template:IPA is reflected as [h].

reflexes of Proto-Mayan Template:IPA [2]
Proto-Mayan Q'anjob'al Ixil Poptí English
*Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA Template:IPA tail

The changes of Proto-Mayan glottal fricative Template:IPA are many and it has different reflexes according to position. In some positions it has added length to the preceding vowel in languages that preserve a length distinction. In other languages it has the reflexes Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA or a zero-reflex.[4]

Only K'ichean-Mamean and some Q'anjob'alan languages have retained proto-Mayan uvular stops Template:IPA and Template:IPA whereas all other branches have changed these into Template:IPA and Template:IPA respectively.

In Mamean a chain shift took place changing *Template:IPA into Template:IPA, *Template:IPA into Template:IPA, *Template:IPA into Template:IPA and *Template:IPA into Template:IPA. These retroflex affricates and fricatives later diffused into Q'anjob'alan.[5]

In polysyllabic words Kaqchikel and Tz'utujil have changed a final proto-Mayan *[w] and *Template:IPA into [j] and *Template:IPA respectively.[6]

Huastecan is the only branch to have changed Proto-Mayan *[w] into [b]. Wastek also is the only Mayan language to have a phonemic labialized velar phoneme Template:IPA, but this is known to be a postcolonial development. Comparing colonial documents in Wastek to modern Wastek it can be seen that they were originally clusters of k and a rounded vowel followed by a glide. For example the word for "vulture" which in modern Wastek is pronounced Template:IPA was written <cuyx> in colonial Wastek and pronounced Template:IPA.

The Yucatecan languages have all shifted proto-Mayan *[t] into Template:IPA in wordfinal position.

Several languages particularly Cholan and Yucatecan have changed short [a] into Template:IPA.

All Cholan languages have changed long proto-Mayan vowels Template:IPA and Template:IPA into Template:IPA and Template:IPA respectively.

Vowel length distinction has been lost in Q'anjob'alan-Chujean (except for Mocho' and Akateko), Kaqchikel and Cholan. Some languages have reduced the vowel length distinction into a tense lax distinction that was later lost for most vowels, Kaqchikel however retains a centralized lax schwa-like vowel as a reflex of proto-Mayan Template:IPA[7]. Two languages, Yukatek and Uspantek and one dialect of Tzotzil have introduced a tone distinction in vowels between high and low tones as reflexes of former vowel length and [h] and Template:IPA.

Grammar

Template:Expand-section

Vocabulary

Template:Expand-section

References

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 England (1994), p.35.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 adapted from cognate list in England (1994)
  3. ↑ England (1994), pp.30-31.
  4. ↑ England (1994), p.37.
  5. ↑ Campbell (1997), p.164.
  6. ↑ Campbell, Lyle, 1998, "Historical Linguistics", Thames & hudson p.170
  7. ↑ England (1994), pp.110-111.

Bibliography of Maya related topics from the University of Texas Anthropology website

External links

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