Cultura ordos
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The Ordos culture comprises the period from Upper Paleolithic to the late Bronze age at the Ordos Desert, in the south of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The Ordos were predominantly Mongoloid, as known from their skeletal remains and artifacts,[1] but numerous interactions between Europoid and Mongoloid might have also taken place in that region over the course of several centuries,[2] until its occupation by Qin and Han dynasties.
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Prehistoric people
The Ordos culture is documented from the Upper Palaeolithic. The points and sides of their tools indicate a "Moustero-Levalloisian" element. They seemed to have a masterful knowledge of Upper Palaeolithic technology, producing blades as much as fifteen centimeters long.[3]
The human fossil remains of the Ordos Man from Salawusu site dated between 50,000 and 35,000 BCE show strong Mongoloid features, specifically on the fore-tooth and occipital bone.[4]
The Zhukaigou culture is one of the neolithic cultures at Ordos, dated between 2200 and 1500 BCE. It is associated with about 327 burials, with recent maternal genetic evidence showing that they were related to the remains from Yinniugou, as well as modern populations like Daurs and Evenks.[5] The archaeological finds at the site are similar to those of the lower Xiajiadian culture. These finds are important as they are associated with the development of snake pattern designs on the decoration of weapon and animal-depicting artifacts which later would become a characteristic style of the Ordos.[6]
The people of Ordos are recorded in the area of the Ordos desert from the 6th to the 2nd centuries BCE. What kind of populations occupied the area before them is unclear but may have been Mongoloid.
The skeletal remains at Taohongbala (桃紅巴拉) tomb dated to between the 7th and 6th centuries BCE are generally identified as belonging to the Xiongnu bronze culture and show strong Mongoloid features.[7][8]
A similar type of burial at Hulusitai around Bayannur, uncovered in 1979 and dated to between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, is considered the only Xiongnu site along the northern slope of Yinshan. The site consisted of mainly bronze artifacts and pottery and 27 horse skeletal remains.[9] Further excavation in 1983 at Guoxianyaozi uncovered a total of 31 burials dated to the 6th to 5th century BCE revealing strong north Mongoloid features. These generally decreased towards the south, and skeletal remains of east and north Mongoloid type can be seen from finds in Maoqinggou and Yinniugou dated to around the 7th century BCE, amounting to a total of 117 burials.[10] Many bronze weapons of these cultures are similar to those of Chinese style.[11]
Depictions of the Ordos people tend to show straight hair. This is especially true of archaeological finds from Baotou (M63:22, M63:23, M84:5), Etuoke (M1, M6), Xihaokou (M3), lower Woertuhao (M3:1), and Mengjialiang.[12]
Sakas and Scythians
Later, horse nomads occupied the area from the 6th to the 2nd century BCE before being driven away by the Xiongnu. According to Lebedynsky, they are thought to be the easternmost people of Scythian affinity to have settled here, just to the east of the better-known Yuezhi.[13] They are mainly known from their skeletal remains and artifacts.
They were in contact and often at war with the pre-Han and Han populations of the period. Their former territory is now located just north of the Great Wall of China, and on the south bank of the northernmost hook of the Yellow river.
According to Lebedynsky, the people represented in archaeological finds tend to display Europoïd features, and are thought to be of Scythian affinity.[14] The weapons, found in tombs throughout the steppes of the Ordos, are very close to those of the Scythians, especially the Sakas.[15]
The Ordos people manufactured belt plaques, horse gear and weapons depicting animals, often in combat. The "animal-style" is similar to nomadic traditions found in Central Asia, such as that of the Scythians.
Relationships
The neighbours of Ordos may have been identical with the Yuezhi who, after being vanquished by the Xiongnu, migrated to southern Asia to form the Kushan empire. They were also culturally related to another nomadic tribe to the east, the Eastern Hu (Chinese:東胡, "Donghu"), who shared a similar "art of the steppes" but appear to have been Mongoloids (Donghu is synonymous with Dongyi, which refers to the inhabitants of Korea, Japan, and what is now northeast China; the ancestors of the people living there today are likely to be these Eastern Hu or related to them in some way).[16] They may also have been related to the Di people (Chinese:氐 "Western Barbarians") of Chinese annals.
By one account, the area of Ordos was the legendary original land of the Turks.
Xiongnu occupation
In Chinese accounts, the Xiongnu first appear at Ordos in the Yizhoushu and Shanhaijing during the Warring States Period before it was occupied by Qin and Zhao. It is generally thought to be their homeland, however when exactly they came to occupy the region is unclear, and it might have been much earlier than traditionally thought, as suggested by archaeological finds.[17]
As the Xiongnu expanded southward into Yuezhi territory around 160 BCE under their leader Modun, the Yuezhi in turn defeated the Sakas and pushed them away at the Issyk Kul. It is thought the Xiongnu also occupied the Ordos area during the same period, when they came in direct contact with the Chinese. From there, the Xiongnu conducted numerous devastating raids into Chinese territory (167, 158, 142, 129 BCE).[18]
The Han Dynasty started to fight the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BCE under emperor Han Wudi, and colonized the area of the Ordos under Shuofang commandery in 127 BCE. Prior to the campaign, there were already commanderies established earlier by Qin and Zhao until they were overrun by the Xiongnu in 209 BCE.[19]
Artifacts
Main artifacts of the Ordos people, as displayed in the British Museum (Asian Gallery):
BronzePoleTopOrdos6th-5thCenturyBCE.JPG
Bronze pole top, Ordos, 6th-5thCentury BCE. |
SilverHorseOrdos4-1BCE.JPG
Silver horse, Ordos, 4th-1st century BCE. |
BeltBuckleOrdos3-1CenturyBCE3.JPG
Belt buckle, Ordos, 3rd-1st century BCE. |
BeltBuckleOrdos3-1CenturyBCE1.JPG
Belt buckle, Ordos, 3rd-1st century BCE. |
 Ordos bronze horses, 5th-3rd century BCE. |
HorseAttackedByTigerOrdos4th-1stBCE.JPG
Horse attacked by tiger, Ordos, 4th-1st century BCE. |
Notes
References
- British Museum permanent exhibition (China room).
- "Les nomades" Iaroslav Lebedynsky, Editions Errance, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-87772-346-6
- Ma, Liqing (2005). The Original Xiongnu, An Archaeological Exploration of the Xiongnu's History and Culture. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press. ISBN 7-81074-796-7.
- Huang, Weiwen, Salawusu Relic. Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
- Wuen, Taohongbala Tombs. Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
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