Programma Pioneer

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Il '''Programma Pioneer''' (in italiano ''pioniere'') fu un progetto [[USA|americano]] costituito da una serie di missioni spaziali senza equipaggio destinate all'esplorazione dei [[pianeta|pianeti]] del [[Sistema Solare|sistema solare]]. Numerose furono le missioni nell'ambito del programma, ma le più importanti e famose furono quelle del [[Pioneer 10]] e del [[Pioneer 11]] che portarono all'esplorazione dei pianeti esterni e dello spazio oltre il sistema solare. Entrambe le sonde avevano a bordo una [[placca del Pioneer|placca d'oro]] con il disegno di un uomo e di una donna e con informazioni sulle origini e i creatori delle sonde stesse, destinate ad ogni entita' [[extraterrestre]] che eventualmente un giorno le trovasse.
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[[File:Pioneer 10 Construction.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pioneer 10]], undergoing construction in 1971. Pioneer 10 and [[Pioneer 11|11]] are the most famous probes in the Pioneer program, the first probes to visit the [[Solar system#Outer planets|outer planets]], and the first to go beyond the orbit of [[Pluto]].]]
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[[File:Pioneer10-plaque.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Pioneer plaque]] attached to Pioneers 10 and 11]]
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The '''Pioneer program''' is a series of [[United States]] [[unmanned space missions]] that was designed for planetary exploration. There were a number of such missions in the program, but the most notable were [[Pioneer 10]] and [[Pioneer 11]], which explored the outer planets and left the [[solar system]]. Each carries a golden [[Pioneer plaque|plaque]], depicting a man and a woman and information about the origin and the creators of the probes, should any [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrials]] find them someday.
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Credit for naming the first probe has been attributed to Stephen A. Saliga, who had been assigned to the Air Force Orientation Group, Wright-Patterson AFB, as chief designer of Air Force exhibits. While he was at a briefing, the spacecraft was described to him as a "lunar-orbiting vehicle with an infrared scanning device." Saliga thought the title too long and lacked theme for an exhibit design. He suggested "Pioneer" as the name of the probe since "the Army had already launched and orbited the Explorer satellite and their Public Information Office was identifying the Army as 'Pioneers in Space,'" and by adopting the name the Air Force would "make a 'quantum jump' as to who really [were] the 'Pioneers in space.'"<ref>
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{{cite web
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| url = http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/ch3.htm#88
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| title = Origins of NASA Names
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| accessdate = 2006-10-16
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| work = NASA History
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| publisher = www.history.nasa.gov
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}}</ref>
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== Early Pioneer missions ==
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The earliest missions were attempts to achieve Earth's [[escape velocity]], simply to show it was feasible and study the [[Moon]]. This included the first launch by [[NASA]] which was formed from the old [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]]. These missions were carried out by the [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] and [[United States Army|Army]].
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=== Able space probes (1958–1960) ===
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[[File:Pioneer able.png|thumb|Pioneer 2]]
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:''Most missions here are listed with their most recognised name, and alternate names after in brackets.''
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* [[Pioneer 0]] ([[Thor (rocket family)|Thor]]-Able 1, Pioneer) – [[Moon|Lunar]] orbiter, destroyed (Thor failure 77&nbsp;seconds after launch) August 17, 1958
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* [[Pioneer 1]] (Thor-Able 2, Pioneer I) – Lunar orbiter, missed Moon (third stage partial failure) October 11, 1958
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* [[Pioneer 2]] (Thor-Able 3, Pioneer II) – Lunar orbiter, reentry (third stage failure) November 8, 1958
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* [[Pioneer P-1]] (Atlas-Able 4A, Pioneer W), probe lost September 24, 1959
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* [[Pioneer P-3]] (Atlas-Able 4, Atlas-Able 4B, Pioneer X) – Lunar probe, lost in launcher failure November 26, 1959
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* [[Pioneer 5]] (Pioneer P-2, Thor-Able 4, Pioneer V) – interplanetary space between Earth and [[Venus]], launched March 11, 1960<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1960.html | title = Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1960 | publisher = NASA}}</ref>
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* [[Pioneer P-30]] (Atlas-Able 5A, Pioneer Y) – Lunar probe, failed to achieve lunar orbit September 25, 1960
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* [[Pioneer P-31]] (Atlas-Able 5B, Pioneer Z) – Lunar probe, lost in upper stage failure December 15, 1960
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=== Juno II lunar probes (1958–1959) ===
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* [[Pioneer 3]]  – Lunar flyby, missed Moon due to launcher failure December 6, 1958
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* [[Pioneer 4]]  – Lunar flyby, achieved Earth [[escape velocity]], launched March 3, 1959
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== Later Pioneer missions (1965–1978) ==
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[[File:Pioneer34.gif|thumb|Pioneer 3]]
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Five years after the early Able space probe missions ended, [[NASA Ames Research Center]] used the Pioneer name for a new series of missions, initially aimed at the inner solar system, before the bold flyby missions to [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]]. While successful, the missions returned much poorer images than the [[Voyager program|Voyager's]] five years later. In 1978, the end of the program saw a return to the inner solar system, with the [[Pioneer Venus Orbiter]] and [[Pioneer Venus Multiprobe|Multiprobe]], this time using orbital insertion rather than flyby missions.
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The new missions were numbered from Pioneer 6 (alternate names in parentheses).
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=== Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 – interplanetary space "weather network" ===
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[[File:Pioneer-6-9.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of the Pioneer 6–9 spacecraft]]
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The spacecraft in Pioneer missions [[Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9|6, 7, 8, and 9]]:
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* Pioneer 6 (Pioneer A) – launched December 1965
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* Pioneer 7 (Pioneer B) – launched August 1966
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* Pioneer 8 (Pioneer C) – launched December 1967
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* Pioneer 9 (Pioneer D) – launched November 1968 (''defunct since 1983'')
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* Pioneer E – lost in launcher failure August 1969
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Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are in solar orbits with 0.8 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]s distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly shorter than Earth's.<br />
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Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AUs distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly longer than Earth's.<br />
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Because they orbit the Sun on either side of the Earth's orbital path, some of them are, from time to time, 180° away from Earth. They can sense parts of the Sun several days before the Sun's rotation reveals it to ground based/earth orbiting observatories. If a powerful solar magnetic storm is born, they can warn Earth in advance.
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=== Outer solar system missions ===
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[[File:Pioneer10-11.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of the Pioneer 10–11 spacecraft]]
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* [[Pioneer 10]] (Pioneer F) –  [[Jupiter]], [[interstellar medium]], launched March 1972
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* [[Pioneer 11]] (Pioneer G) –  [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[interstellar medium]], launched April 1973
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* [[Pioneer H]]  – identical to Pioneers 10 and 11.  Proposed Out-Of-The-Ecliptic mission for 1974, but never launched. <ref> {{cite web |title= Pioneer H, Jupiter Swingby Out-of-the-Ecliptic Mission Study |url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073120_1993073120.pdf |date=20 August 1971 |accessdate=2 May 2012}}</ref>
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=== Pioneer Venus project ===
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[[File:Pioneer Venus orbiter.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Artist's conception of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft]]
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* [[Pioneer Venus project#Pioneer Venus Orbiter|Pioneer Venus Orbiter]] (Pioneer Venus 1, Pioneer 12) – launched December 1978
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* [[Pioneer Venus project#Pioneer Venus Multiprobe|Pioneer Venus Multiprobe]] (Pioneer Venus 2, Pioneer 13) – launched August 1978
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** Pioneer Venus Probe Bus – transport vehicle and upper atmosphere probe
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** Pioneer Venus Large Probe – 300&nbsp;kg parachuted probe
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** Pioneer Venus North Probe – 75&nbsp;kg impactor probe
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** Pioneer Venus Night Probe – 75&nbsp;kg impactor probe
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** Pioneer Venus Day Probe – 75&nbsp;kg impactor probe
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<!--[[Pioneer 1P]] has been linked in this article previously, but there is no information on it or even confirmation of this mission's existence. It might be Pioneer P-1. -->
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== References ==
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{{Reflist}}
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== See also ==
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* [[Pioneer anomaly]]
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* [[Ranger program]]
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* [[Surveyor program]]
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* [[Mariner program]]
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* [[Voyager program]]
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* [[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]
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== External links ==
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* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_Moon Pioneer (Moon) Program Page] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
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* [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309090504/html/ Mark Wolverton's ''The Depths of Space'' online]
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* [http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/thorable.htm Thor Able – Encyclopedia Astronautica]
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* [http://www.sdfo.org/stl/ Space Technology Laboratories Documents Archive]
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Versione delle 20:25, 15 mag 2013

Pioneer 10, undergoing construction in 1971. Pioneer 10 and 11 are the most famous probes in the Pioneer program, the first probes to visit the outer planets, and the first to go beyond the orbit of Pluto.
File:Pioneer10-plaque.jpg
The Pioneer plaque attached to Pioneers 10 and 11

The Pioneer program is a series of United States unmanned space missions that was designed for planetary exploration. There were a number of such missions in the program, but the most notable were Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, which explored the outer planets and left the solar system. Each carries a golden plaque, depicting a man and a woman and information about the origin and the creators of the probes, should any extraterrestrials find them someday.

Credit for naming the first probe has been attributed to Stephen A. Saliga, who had been assigned to the Air Force Orientation Group, Wright-Patterson AFB, as chief designer of Air Force exhibits. While he was at a briefing, the spacecraft was described to him as a "lunar-orbiting vehicle with an infrared scanning device." Saliga thought the title too long and lacked theme for an exhibit design. He suggested "Pioneer" as the name of the probe since "the Army had already launched and orbited the Explorer satellite and their Public Information Office was identifying the Army as 'Pioneers in Space,'" and by adopting the name the Air Force would "make a 'quantum jump' as to who really [were] the 'Pioneers in space.'"[1]

Indice

Early Pioneer missions

The earliest missions were attempts to achieve Earth's escape velocity, simply to show it was feasible and study the Moon. This included the first launch by NASA which was formed from the old NACA. These missions were carried out by the US Air Force and Army.

Able space probes (1958–1960)

File:Pioneer able.png
Pioneer 2
Most missions here are listed with their most recognised name, and alternate names after in brackets.

Juno II lunar probes (1958–1959)

Later Pioneer missions (1965–1978)

File:Pioneer34.gif
Pioneer 3

Five years after the early Able space probe missions ended, NASA Ames Research Center used the Pioneer name for a new series of missions, initially aimed at the inner solar system, before the bold flyby missions to Jupiter and Saturn. While successful, the missions returned much poorer images than the Voyager's five years later. In 1978, the end of the program saw a return to the inner solar system, with the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe, this time using orbital insertion rather than flyby missions.

The new missions were numbered from Pioneer 6 (alternate names in parentheses).

Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 – interplanetary space "weather network"

File:Pioneer-6-9.jpg
Artist's conception of the Pioneer 6–9 spacecraft

The spacecraft in Pioneer missions 6, 7, 8, and 9:

Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are in solar orbits with 0.8 AUs distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly shorter than Earth's.
Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AUs distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly longer than Earth's.
Because they orbit the Sun on either side of the Earth's orbital path, some of them are, from time to time, 180° away from Earth. They can sense parts of the Sun several days before the Sun's rotation reveals it to ground based/earth orbiting observatories. If a powerful solar magnetic storm is born, they can warn Earth in advance.

Outer solar system missions

File:Pioneer10-11.jpg
Artist's conception of the Pioneer 10–11 spacecraft

Pioneer Venus project

File:Pioneer Venus orbiter.jpg
Artist's conception of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft

References

Template:Reflist

See also

External links


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